CELLS AND CELL DIVISION OvervieW
Cell - The structural, functional and biological unit of all organisms.
Cell Division - The process in which a cell divides into two cells, each containing identical genetic material, as that of the original cell.
Cell Division - The process in which a cell divides into two cells, each containing identical genetic material, as that of the original cell.
CLASS NOTES
The following attachments are notes we have taken during class lectures.
VOCABULARY + PICTURE BREAKDOWN
- CELL THEORY – The basic unit of structure and function of all living organisms is the cell.
- VIRCHOW’S THEORY – All cells arise from pre-existing cells by cell division.
- MEMBRANE – Partially permeable.
- Cell Biology – The study of cells has given rise to an important branch of biology.
- LIGHT MICROSCOPE – Uses light source of radiation.
- ELECTRON MICROSCOPE – Uses electrons.
- CYTOLOGY – The study of cells.
- PLASMA – Cell surface (membrane)
- NUCLEUS – Relatively large structures that stains intensely and is therefore very conspicuous.
- CHROMATIN – A deeply staining material in the nucleus, mass of loosely coiled threads.
- DNA – A molecule, which contains the instructions of activities of the cell.
- NUCLEOLUS – An even more deeply stained area in the nucleus, which is made of loops of DNA from several chromosomes. Makes ribosomes.
- CYTOPLASM - The material between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.
- ORGANELLES – A functionally and structurally distinct part of a cell.
- COMPARTMENTALISATION – Organelles being surrounded by membranes so that surrounding cytoplasm can separate their activities.
- DIVISION OF LABOR – A sharing of the work between different specialized organelles.
- MITOCHONDRIA – The most numerous organelles. They are specialized to carry out aerobic respiration.
- GOLGI APARATUS – Part of a complex internal sorting and distribution system within the cell,
- CENTRIOLE – Only in animal cells. Involved in nuclear division.
- CELL WALL – Gives cell definite shape, prevents bursting from water when undergoing osmosis.
- PLASMODESTMATA – Plant cells being linked to neighboring cells by means of fine strands of cytoplasm.
- CENTRAL VACOULE – In plant cells, help to regulate the osmotic properties of cells (the flow of water inwards and outwards) as well as having a wide range of other functions.
- CHLORPLAST – Large organelles, which are green in, color due to the presence of chlorophyll.
- TONOPLAST – Membrane, which surrounds the vacuole.
- NUCLEAR ENVELOPE – Two membranes, which surround the nucleus. Outer membrane connected with ER.
- NUCLEAR PORES – Perforations in the nuclear envelope, which allow exchange between nucleus and cytoplasm.
- ER – Extensive system of membranes running through the cytoplasm.
- RIBOSOMES – Tiny organelles attached to the ER.
- SMOOTH ER – No ribosomes
- ROUGH ER – Contains ribosomes.
- Cisternae – A system of flattened sacs formed by membranes.
- LYSOSOMES – Organelle responsible for the breakdown of unwanted structures.
- GOLGI VESICLES – Stack constantly being formed at one end from vesicles which bud off from the ER and broken down again at the other end.
- MATRIX – Are finger-like cristae that project into the interior solution.
- TRILAMINAR APPEARANCE – Can be seen having three layers.
- CILIA – Long thing extensions that can move in a wave like manner.
- FLAGELLA – Longer and there aren’t as many as cilia on a cell.
- CHROMOSOME – circular DNA.
- PROKARYOTE - Characterized by the absence of a distinct, membrane-bound nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, and by DNA that is not organized into chromosomes.
- EUKARYOTE - A single-celled or multicellular organism whose cells contain a distinct membrane-bound nucleus.
CHROMOSOMES – characteristic thread like structures gradually visible in the nucleus which contain genetic information.
1. KARYOTYPE – a photograph of the human chromosomes.
2. DIPLOID – cells that contain two sets of chromosomes.
3. HAPLOID – cells that contain one set of chromosomes.
4. CHROMATIDS – two identical structures, which make up chromosomes.
5. CENTROMERE – a narrow region that holds the chromosomes together.
6. LOCUS – the gene for a particular characteristic
7. ALLELES – a gene controlling a characteristic which exists in different forms.
8. MUTANT (MUTATED) – changed allele
9. MEIOSIS – the type of nuclear division that halves the chromosome number
10. MITOSIS – nuclear division that produces two genetically identical daughter nuclei
1. KARYOTYPE – a photograph of the human chromosomes.
2. DIPLOID – cells that contain two sets of chromosomes.
3. HAPLOID – cells that contain one set of chromosomes.
4. CHROMATIDS – two identical structures, which make up chromosomes.
5. CENTROMERE – a narrow region that holds the chromosomes together.
6. LOCUS – the gene for a particular characteristic
7. ALLELES – a gene controlling a characteristic which exists in different forms.
8. MUTANT (MUTATED) – changed allele
9. MEIOSIS – the type of nuclear division that halves the chromosome number
10. MITOSIS – nuclear division that produces two genetically identical daughter nuclei
CELL DIVISION
video on cells and cell division
ADDITIONAL CLAss assignments
These are the vocabulary quizzes our class took to prove our mastery in the cell units.
This is the chapter test we took to demonstrate our understanding of the chapter.